Essay question Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Question - Essay Example iThe argument is however based on the fact that neoclassical economists claims or rather emphasize smith’s â€Å"invisible hand† while classical economists on the other hand think that smith clearly stipulates his programme for promoting the â€Å"Wealth of Nations† in the first sentence of his work. Smith uses the phrase â€Å"the invisible hand† in both theories under different context and each having a different meaning. Therefore, different interpretations of the phrase can be regarded as the source of conflicting ideas between classical and neoclassical economists. Moreover, various economists have advance theories that are in line with smith’s theory of wealth of a nation or contradicting theories thus economic policies are more of a battle field between neoclassical economists and classical economist who concurred with smith’s theory of an inquiry into the nature and the cause of wealth of a nation. Adam Smith’s work, â€Å"Wealth of Nations† is regarded as the perfecto of the theory of moral sentiments since it targets the problems of how people express their self-interests and their morality. He argued that a pin factory that employs division of labor is likely to produce thousands of pins more than a pin factory that each individual worker attempts to produce his or her own pin. Therefore he advocated for specialization and division of labor in production for efficiency. Adam Smith also emphasized on the importance of flexibility during transition from one phase of life to the other by developing institutions that are fit for that phase; and this therefore illustrates self-interest and morality in the society. Smith described people’s economic behavior as individuals who are guided by an â€Å"invisible hand†. He argued that production of high priced products in relation to production cost would induce individual production of this product

Comparative Analysis of Lawrence Kohlberg and Carol Gilligan

Comparative Analysis of Lawrence Kohlberg and Carol Gilligan Emma Haslam Moral Reasoning Human well-being is not a random phenomenon. It depends on many factors ranging from genetics and neurobiology to sociology and economics. But, clearly, there are scientific truths to be known about how we can flourish in this world. Wherever we can have an impact on the well-being of others, questions of morality apply. Sam Harris (2015) In many respects, the cognitive-developmental paradigm within moral psychology has had an unstable record. First introduced by Baldwin (1906), then taken up but quickly abandoned by Piaget (1932, 1965), many years passed before it was reintroduced and fully delineated by Kohlberg (1971, 1984). The limitations of the moral domain have now been extended well beyond those of Kohlberg’s justice research to include other orientations to moral understanding such as Carol Gilligan’s ‘Care’ research (1982). The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrast two theories of moral reasoning with reference to empirical research. Named theories include Lawrence Kohlbergs Justice and Carol Gilligans Care. This piece will focus on the studies individually as well as comparing the similarities and differences for both and will also look into some critical reviews from other research that has been conducted since regarding care and justice. The reason for choosing Kohlberg and Gilligans pieces of research are because both are leading researchers in the field of cognitive development and the research is known and used by academics worldwide. Lawrence Kohlberg was a developmental psychologist who studied Piagets constructivist theory and continued to base his own work around the model constructed by Piaget. This led to Kohlberg developing his own cognitive developmental model known today as ‘Justice’. Kohlberg had a direction for his research and that was to focus on the reasoning behind answers. Feminists (among other) have criticised the hegemony of justice reasoning in Kohlberg’s theory, proposing that a more relational, â€Å"care and response† orientation is an equally valid conception of morality and one that is more often representative of the moral experience of a woman (e.g. Gilligan 1982; Noddings, 1984). Carol Gilligan became a student and research assistant of Lawrence Kohlberg in 1970 and provided her own justifications from Kohlberg’s original addition and proposed considering gender identity and therefore made another discovery within the field of cognitive developmental psychology that Kohlberg did not consider. Kohlberg began his research looking into how children develop from birth and continued the research to span an entire lifetime. ‘The founding principle of development was the recognition of the value of justice, acceptance of justice as a governing factor of an individual’s own actions and also a philosophical understanding of justice’ (Kohlberg, 1971). This shows very early on that everything was based around understanding justice and how it applied to an individual’s understanding towards moral reasoning. The first questions provide evidence for this and it is stated How to avoid punishment from a punitive point of view (Kohlberg, 1984). This statement highlights the fact that the empirical research is justice based. There are three main stages to Kohlberg’s research with six sub-sections. ‘The first is the Pre conventional stage Obedience and punishment orientation (How can I avoid punishment?), Self-interest orientation, (Whats in it for me ?), (Paying for a benefit). The second stage is Conventional, Interpersonal accord and conformity (Social norms) (The good boy/girl attitude), Authority and social-order maintaining orientation (Law and order morality) and the final is Level 3, Post-Conventional, Social contract orientation, Universal ethical principles, (Principled conscience).’ (Kohlberg, 1971). Gilligan would go on to criticise Kohlberg’s theory as Kohlberg only studied privileged white men and boys, Gilligan felt this caused a bias opinion against women. Gilligan designed a paradigm of female development centralised on the subject of caring as a formative virtue. This was based around Kohlberg’s original ideas and structure. Gilligan wanted to outline that women were not â€Å"moral midgets† and was also against many psychological opinions such as another great theorist, Erikson who believed that the tasks of development were separation from the mother and family. If women did not succeed on this scale then those individuals were â€Å"obviously lacking†. Therefore Gilligan’s goal was seen as a good case for feminism and psychology as a whole. The view focused on the individual’s growth to care for and better understand others. Gilligan’s earliest transition for the stages of development suggests a move from self interest to a responsibility for others (Arnold, 2000). The male life form was seen as a norm. Psychologists that performed research before for example Freud, Piaget and Erikson; all had male points of view and focused mainly on male cognitive development. The previous views are shown to be neither neutral nor impartial. There is no room for care or human relationships which are essential parts for morals of maturity (Gilligan, 1977). Kohlberg’s study group subjected only male participants to the research, whereas Gilligan’s study group was subject to only female participants. Early constructivist views of cognitive development show little between genders. Gilligan observed that the alienation felt from Kohlberg’s views were the result from his studies having a skewed perspective towards male development as most of the research conducted in the field prior to Kohlberg. The result of this was a formative foundation for male cognitive development. Kohlberg discovered that male subjects develop in relation to the understanding of justice, from simple punitive evasion to a satisfied philosophical acceptance for the meaning of justice. Gilligan’s study group was a duplicate study of Kohlberg’s work with, alternate focus that allowed for comparison for any significant differences in gender development. Females follow a different trend of cognitive and that focuses around caring and a r espect for life. Gilligan discovered that female subjects develop in the understanding of humanity, developing from simple obedience to a universal philosophical understanding of morality. ‘Gilligan also discovered that a morality of care can also serve in place of the morality of justice and rights earlier theorised by Kohlberg. Gilligan views morality of care and morality of justice as distinct yet also connecting’. (Young, 1999). Gilligan believed that the care based morality was prominent in women. Co-operation, compromise makes levels of overall happiness much higher in women. This is partially due to how men and women are socialised. Unlike Kohlberg’s three main and six sub stages, Gilligan’s research only comprised of three stages, Pre-conventional where one learns to care for oneself, Conventional, this shows that and individual put their own needs behind them to care for others and finally the post-conventional stage. This is when a balance is rea ched and the individual learns to care for themselves and others at the same time. All of the research conducted by both Kohlberg and Gilligan has had critical reviews by other researches in the field however, the basis of the research is crucial to knowing a basing around the moral foundation of an individual. In conclusion, most moral psychologists accepted that there are two types of moral reasoning which are Kohlberg’s justice and Gilligans care, although Kohlberg’s vast legacy to moral psychology is widely acknowledged to far outweigh the shortcomings of his theory, in recent years there has been a growing sense within the cognitive-developmental paradigm that a more comprehensive theory of morality is long overdue. By more closely attending to the contextual and subjective features of morality of everyday life, this contemporary work lays the foundation for a more comprehensive understanding of the nature of the moral person. Further research within this field is widely anticipated to gain greater knowledge around how and why people view and practice moral behaviour in society and within oneself. References Arnold, M. (2000). Stage, Sequence, and Sequels: Changing Conceptions of Morality, Post-Kohlberg. Retrieved 1 April 2015, from http://202.119.108.48/dyxr/Text/2008-01-03-03-21-01d03sf445zxbupn3k5ed2e555_4.pdf Ashcraft, K., Mumby, D. (2004). Reworking gender. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Blum, L. (1988). Gilligan and Kohlberg: Implications for Moral Theory. ETHICS, 98(3), 472. doi:10.1086/292966 BrainyQuote,. (2015). Sam Harris Quotes at BrainyQuote.com. Retrieved 4 April 2015, from http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/s/samharris527746.html Elorrieta-Grimalt, M. (2012). A Critical Analysis of Moral Education According to Lawrence Kohlberg. Educ.Educ, 15(3), 497-512. doi:10.5294/edu.2012.15.3.9 Kohlberg, L. (1968). Early Education: A Cognitive-Developmental View. Child Development, 39(4), 1013. doi:10.2307/1127272 Reed, T. (1987). Developmental Moral Theory:The Psychology of Moral Development. Lawrence Kohlberg. ETHICS, 97(2), 441. doi:10.1086/292850 Whetnall, E. (1933). The Moral Judgment of the Child. By Jean Piaget. (International Library of Psychology and Philosophy. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trà ¼bner Co. 1932. Pp. ix + 417. Price 12s. 6d.). Philosophy, 8(31), 373. doi:10.1017/s0031819100033131

A Tool that Enhances Education Essay -- Teaching Computers Argumentati

A Tool that Enhances Education Computers have been instrumental in improving the quality of life for many people all over the world. Computers have enhanced education to make teaching and learning more productive. Such a technology has given people more opportunities for gathering information and developing education in all subjects like English, science, math, history, and the arts. People like myself have benefited from the variety of programs that the computer has brought in this century such as writing and office programs, encyclopedias, the Internet, email, and online communities. In the century we live in today, the computer is not only considered to be an important tool, but a necessity in a business oriented society. Computers have also been and continue to be a productive tool, especially in the world of education. In a critique titled "The Computer Delusion," Todd Oppenheimer, Associate Editor of Newsweek Interactive, argues that "the tremendous emphasis on computers and technology in elementary and secondary schools, and especially in the lower grades, can actually decrease the effectiveness of learning and teaching" (255). I disagree with Oppenheimer because with the proper use of computers, education can out do itself. Computers have and are still used productively in the classrooms to improve teaching and learning. Oddly enough, Oppenheimer included studies that he disagreed with on the five arguments that campaign the computerization of the nation's schools: Computers improve both teaching practices and student achievement. Computer literacy should be taught as early as possible; otherwise students will be left behind. To make tomorrow's work force competitive in an increasingly high-tech world, l... ...he home. With the proper use of computers teachers and students can use computers to help them with the curriculum. It is important for teachers to be guided and instructed on how to help benefit their students through the use of computers. The computer cannot take the place of a teacher because computers cannot speak or instruct students to read, write, and add, the way a real teacher would in a live situation. The presence of a live teacher is unique and necessary for a well-rounded education. People should not fear computers because they cannot replace the importance of a professional teacher. The computer should be used as a tool to enhance education and not replace it. Works Cited Oppenheimer, Todd. "The Computer Delusion." The Presence of Others. Ed. Lunsford, Andrea A., John J. Ruszkiewics. Boston/New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2000. 255-285.

Counseling in the Church

Abstract Select (highlight) this text and then begin typing your abstract, which should be limited to one paragraph of not more than 120 words Introduction Christian counseling has been conducted since the origin of Christianity. Even in biblical times counseling was a part of the churches spiritual life and development. In the Pauline epistles it is clear that God ordained and approved church based counseling.Paul states in Romans 1 5:14: â€Å"l myself am convinced; my brothers that you yourselves are full of goodness, complete in knowledge and competent to instruct (counsel) one another†. Like the pagan nations of the time, Christianity also addressed grief and sin. (Deadlocked-Haynes, 2010) There is a need for Christian counseling in today's church. The need stems for a larger social, cultural, and professional dynamic. In Christ centered soul care, the church is the primary place where healing, growth and healthy relationships take place. Christ centered soul care views h urt as a soul wound.It meaner making connections instead of Just skilled talking. The impact of care and maturity of the counselor outweighs the techniques used. Soul care incorporates the belief that God is the ultimate healer. Soul care goes beyond psychotherapy into spiritual transformation and discipleship. Psychotherapy has its place but should be done in adjudication to the work of the church. (Clinton ; Leaseholder, 2002) Major Themes Pastoral Counseling The term pastoral comes from the Bible; it is the human effort of man responding to Gods call to care. Bock, 2007) It is God ordained for â€Å"some to be pastors and teachers for the equipping of the saints for the work of ministry, for the edifying of the body of Christ, to which all come to the unity of the faith and of the knowledge of he son of God to a perfect man, to the measure of statue of the fullness of Christ† ( Ephesians 4:11-13) Pastors are essential to the success of today's church. The preaching and tea ching, as well as pastoral counseling transforms lives. Pastoral counseling is not separate but is an extension of preaching. Clinton & Leaseholder, 2002) People who are in the church hurting need a pastor whose shepherding is in line of that of the Good Shepherd. In the Bible Paul appointed loving shepherds everywhere he planted a church. Specific duties for them were outlined. As pastors counsel their flock, there approach should be Christ centered ND have a strong theological structure based in love. (Chosen & Diabolism, 2007) Lay Counselors There is an ever increasing role of paraprofessional counselor. The increases have been seen both nationally and internationally.There is a significant need limitations of mental health benefits, has raised the need for paraprofessional services. Paraprofessional counselors are those counselors, who have not been formally trained in or credentialed in mental health, yet facilitate mental health care to those who are hurting. Paraprofessional counselors also known as lay counselors operate in such setting as hotness, peer counseling, client's homes, and within church-based ministries (Garà §on ; Tillie, 2009). It is increasingly difficult in today's church for a pastor to facilitate all counseling within the church.There is a pressing need today for paraprofessional counselors in the church. Within the church paraprofessional counselors are commonly referred to as lay counselors. All Christians are given the biblical mandate to care for one another. Galatians 6:2 challenges Christians to carry each other's burdens, and in doing so the law of Christ will be fulfilled. For those who have been given the spiritual gift of exhortation the call is even louder. Scripture illuminates the priesthood in all believers (2 Peter 2:5). Believers are to minister one to another.Lay counseling is a key ministry within the church. The use of lay counselors has scriptural basis, and proven effective through research. (Dry. Tan, 2013) Ther e are three models commonly used by lay counselors. The informal, spontaneous model supports in naturally occurring settings through informal relationships such as friendships. This type of lay counselor may or may not have training. The second model, the informal organized model, lay professionals help in natural settings, but they have training and are supervised. The third model is the formal organized model.With the formal organized model counseling is conducted in an official setting, the counselor is supervised, and the counselor has received training. There are hybrid models that incorporate the informal organized and formal organized models (Garà §on ; Tillie, 2009). Incorporating A Counseling Ministry Within the Church Dry. Slang-Yang Tan the editor of the Journal for Psychology and Christianity suggest our steps to follow to incorporate counseling ministries within a church. 1. Decide the appropriate model for counseling. To incorporate lay counseling as a ministry the ch oice is between informal, organized and formal, organized models.In larger churches, both models are incorporated at times. Having the ability to incorporate both models gives, different levels of care, appealing to different clients. Some cultures have a stigma against formalized counseling. Within a church where this stigma may be present the informal organized model may be deemed more appropriate. 2. Obtain support from both the pastoral staff and churches board. To be sure that the foundations for counseling are laid securely; full support from the pastoral staff and church board is a must.Counseling ministries should be viewed as an extension of pastoral care, and vital to the health and development of the church. 3. Selection and screening of persons who are gifted and qualified from the congregation. Person can be recruited openly or privately. Open recruitment involves an announcement to the congregation, and taking applicants. Closed recruitment involves the church leadersh ip nominating candidates. No matter the selection process candidates should be interviewed and trained. Selection should be done after interviewing and training is complete. 4.Establish an effective training program normally incorporate basic listening and helping skills. It is also recommended that the training program includes, Bible knowledge as it relates to people helping, counseling skills, common problems like depression and spiritual dryness. An effective training program also incorporates ethics, and addressing ethical dilemmas. Lay counselors should be given instructions on how to obtain informed consent with linens. 5. Establish ministries for using lay counselors. The specific ministries established for care using lay counselors will depend on the models chosen by the church.There should be continuous training and supervision for lay counselors. If the church has the resources the training should be conducted by licensed mental health professionals or at a minimum by an experienced pastor or church leader who has such knowledge. Some state laws may not allow the use of the term lay counselor due to licensing laws for paraprofessional counselors. In this instance other terms ay be used for example lay helpers or lay caregivers (Dry. Tan, 2013). Individual Counseling Within the church setting one on one counseling is often conducted.Using one framework, the counselor helps the client connect with God who ultimately changes the client. In this framework God is invited in and God is the one primarily changing the client. Through God the client moves closer to their goals, and deepens their relationship with God. The dynamics of individual counseling are similar when the counselor is a clinician, a pastor, or a lay counselor. (Clinton ; Leaseholder, 2002) Premarital Counseling Religious policymaking has increased opportunities for development of marriage counseling. 0% of couples that receive marriage counseling use clergy. 75 to 80% of first weddings o ccur with in a church, or other religious structure. This gives clergy access to couples, as well as the power to set minimum marriage requirements within religious institutions. Clergy having the power to set permissions to marry, have a captive audience. Couples will submit to counseling as a meaner to get married. There are few couples who voluntarily seek pre-marital counseling. (Wilhelm, 2006) Clergy have less influence over couples once they are married.About half of married couples would consider relationship education such as classes or workshops. The influence of clergy is greater, when he or she is deemed morally sound. Clergy have an unparalleled opportunity to facilitate premarital counseling. The number of organizations that actually provide premarital counseling is lacking. Less than half of the religious organizations provide premarital counseling services. (Wilhelm, 2006) The most helpful topics in premarital counseling are family of origin, finances, communication a nd conflict resolution, and sex roles and sexuality.All couples must solve or develop the skills to resolve issues relating to the aforementioned. Premarital counseling should not consist primarily of lectures. An effective program begins 6 to 12 months prior to the wedding. There should also be follow-up counseling after the wedding. (Wilhelm, 2006) Group Counseling Four out of every 10 Americans are part of small organized groups that meets it is an enriching experience. Such groups occur in settings such as treatment facilities, churches, counseling centers, schools, and in the business world.Groups are also prevalent in the field of mental health. Wenches groups are constructed there are clear specifications of guidelines, number of sessions, and cost. Churches are primary components of small groups. Churches give small group opportunities, and are meeting needs of people in a variety of ways. These groups can include Bible studies, and support group as well as lay or profession al counseling groups (Clinton ; Leaseholder, 2002). Counseling and psychotherapy groups are two types of groups that meet within churches. Counseling groups focus on interpersonal problem-solving skills.They also incorporate, support methods using a here and now framework. On the other hand psychotherapy groups are established to reduce psychological or emotional dysfunction. These groups explore antecedents to behaviors using both interpersonal and interpersonal assessment, diagnosis, and interpretation. Historical and present material also are connected. Both groups focus primarily on the needs of the individual members. There is a leader in both types of groups who facilitates, teaches or counsels (Clinton ; Leaseholder, 2002).One therapeutic model used for Christian group therapy is The Healing Cycle. This model is used in interpersonal process therapy groups. The core mechanism for change in this model is interpersonal interaction. The healing cycle is compatible with a Christi an worldview, and incorporates Scripture at each step of the process. It also includes theoretical orientation, the most prevalent of which is cognitive behavioral and interpersonal theories. The healing cycle consists of six phases which are grace, safety, vulnerability, truth, ownership, and confession.In the finals phase it further incorporates grace and the cycle continues. (Hook ; Hook, 2010) Ethical Issues The church has been infected by the societal shift to post-modernism, and post- Christianity. In today's church acts of negligence are ever present. Wrong doing is no longer accidental but intentional. Sexual misconduct, abuse of power, and other forms of exploitation are prevalent. The cause of Christ suffers, and Christianity name is slandered, because of these dreadful acts. There needs to be a renewed pursuit to uphold biblical and ethical standards within the church.Congregants still hold fast to the belief that church leadership can be trusted; therefore the standard o f excellence and integrity cannot be compromised (Clinton & Leaseholder, 2002). Ethics is defined as â€Å"the study of standards of conduct and moral Judgment and the system or code of moral conduct of a particular person, religion, group or profession† by Webster New World Dictionary. A code of ethics outlines standards of behavior for particular group. The focal group for the America Association of Christian Counselors (AC) code of ethics is Christian counselors (Clinton & Leaseholder, 2002).Ethical decision making and subsequently ethical codes are based on three views: divine revelation formulating moral absolutes, radical individualism creating oral relativism and social constructs which produces moral conscience (Clinton & Leaseholder, 2002). In the past most ethical systems were biblically based. This view undeniably viewed Gods Word as truth, therefore His statues were power to submit to this law could be obtain through a relationship with Jesus Christ (Clinton & Lea seholder, 2002). The view of the AC code of ethics is derived from biblical principles.Christian counselors ascribe to Christianity, and thus should have no problem conforming to ethical standards (Clinton & Leaseholder, 2002). Counselor faces ethical dilemmas. When ethical dilemmas arise, a standard ethical decision making process should be employed (American Counseling Association, 2005). It is important to deliberately engage is the decision making process. There is no decision making model that has been proven more effective over another. Counselors need to be familiar with at least one, or a combination of several.Ethical decision making is not always a clear cut process, but emotion effect decisions made as well. One model recommended which incorporates consideration of cultural differences, principles of altruism, and caring. 1 . Identify the problem. . Identify issues that are surrounding the problem. 3. Review ethics codes pertaining to the problem. 4. Have a working know o f laws and regulations. 5. Obtain consultation. 6. Outline possible course of action. 7. Weigh the consequence of various decisions. 8. Chose best option (Corey, Corey, & Callahan, 2011) The modern day pastor lives in controversial world.There is a rise of malpractice suits against the clergy. There needs to be clearly defined ethical accountability within the arena of church counseling. Many states do not require clergy to be licensed in the field of unseeing, as long as they are operating within a theological framework, and serve under a legitimate religious organization, body or denomination (Pain, 2010). The Practice of Pastoral Care by Carrie Doddering outlines three major ethics issues faced by clergy. These issues are prevalent within church counseling. 1. Limits of confidentiality.Clergy fall in to the group of mandated reporters. Clergy members who counsel must report sexual abuse or neglect when it involves children or the elderly. Clergy members are also required to prote ct sensitive information about clients (Doddering, 2006). 2. Sexual misconduct. There is a power dynamic within counseling. Because of this power dynamic the client cannot authenticate consent to a sexual relationship with the counselor. Without authentic consent this type of relationship is viewed as coercive in nature. (Doddering,2006) 3. Limits of expertise.Long-term counseling should not be conducted by a pastor unless they have been trained in pastoral counseling. Pastoral caregivers should only practice with in the limit of expertise. (Doddering, 2006) Four other areas of ethical concerns within church counseling are pastoral identity, referral, integrity, and boundary limit. Within all these areas malpractice can occur. In regards to clergy malpractice is negligent counseling within the realm of spiritual counseling practice. Another definition of malpractice is negligence in executing professional duties.In this definition of negligence implies the counselor not fulfilling t heir duty and subsequently harming the client. Ethics goes beyond the minimum requirement set forth by law, ethics acts as a buffer. When ethical standards are View The Bible supports counseling within the church. In Christ centered soul care theology and biblical principles are at the center. Christian counselors should consider theological perspectives while simultaneously engaging in the psychological task of counseling. Biblical understanding is essential to counseling.To be an effective Christian counselor it is important to incorporate theology, psychology, and spirituality. Came 5:16 says† confess your trespasses to one another, and pray for one another, that you may be healed. The effective, fervent prayer of a righteous man avails much† within the Bible they are are more than 60 one another Scriptures that given instructions for the care of believers. (Clinton & Leaseholder, 2002) Personal Reflection Philippians Chapter 3:3 Paul admonished believer that we the c ircumcision of God, which worship Him in spirit and have no confidence in the flesh.There are many ideas, concepts, and frameworks, ideologies, and so forth, but without a firm rooted foundation those things may pass away. The only thing that will stand is the Word of God. Through the Word lives are impacted and change can take place. I have seen demonstration of the power of God through my own life. No matter the road God leads me to on my Journey to help others, I will hold fast to the Word of God. I may acclimate care in an arena, where spirituality, and religion cannot be openly discussed.

Miss Furr and Miss Skeene

â€Å"Miss Furr and Miss Skeene† The study of creative works by way of exploiting diverse writing skills has contributed to the field of art becoming more fascinating, although, to some extent, mechanical and mystifying. The literal skills employed, in quite a number of cases, are in allegorical fashion in order to obscure the profound connotation of the inventive piece and reactions of the artist. Numerous artists have brought into the play the usage of such literal skills. These techniques are frequently seen in the modern day artistic works.Nevertheless, quite a good number of booklovers are exposed to complications in understanding these masterpieces. This has brought a lot of insights to the extent to which artists may explore in order to pass their ideas and themes to the rest of the society. In addition, the question on the importance of such literal styles to the rest of the people has also come up. To disentangle these, the social nature of humans play a key part sinc e it defines life factors such as contentment, indulgence and thinking.With reference to the artistic skills used to express an artist’s beliefs, the story of â€Å"Miss Furr and Miss Skeene† by Gertrude Stein, highlights the triviality and intrigues associated with artists. The narration of â€Å"Miss Furr and Miss Skeene† previously published in nineteen ninety two, revolves around two women who used to co-habit. This masterpiece involves the utilization of lopsided language and conventional approach to modern-day writing. The irrational reiteration of sentences in this narration puts importance on the two personalities’, Georgine Skeene and Helen Furr, connection (Stein 176).It is this verbatim elegance, replication of words, which shapes the derivation of the writer’s literal tactic. The duplication of words outlines the base of Stein’s literal tool. Repetition in this narration inclines to reveal the oblique resolutions. This is because it is useful in disengaging the approved sentiments to contraptions that are artless so as to be perceived in a different way. The sensible replication of the expression â€Å"gay† in Stein’s composition brings out the complications in comprehending the main significance of this narration. Stein tries to decipher the notion and distraction of opinion into an endless structure.At the same time, she presents her sentiments from varying platforms instantaneously. Repetition as a literal device is vital in underlining a given theory that the artiste anticipates to share with the rest of the society. With regard to Stein’s piece of work, the reiteration of the expression â€Å"gay† appears to be the essential insight as it gives ideas on the reflections and opinions of Stein (Stein 301). The repetitiveness generates an obstacle in the acknowledgement of the narration because readers acquire varying ideas about the author’s subject. Additionally, the ob scuring of the story by using â€Å"gay† reiterations makes it unexciting.The implication of â€Å"gay† attracts further questioning as it has several meanings. In the contemporary society, the expression â€Å"gay† refers to homosexuals. Nonetheless, in Stein’s composition, it ought to be studied in literal terms. In prehistoric period, the implication of this expression was wide-ranging depending on the circumstance in the play. The expression â€Å"gay† is composed of the word gai. This is a French adjective which refers to ‘joyful or pleasant’ acts. It is further related to bright, dazzling colors as demonstrated by Miss Mars’ decorated hair as well as the huge cosmetic application of both women.The rigorous exploitation of this word by replication turns out to be sensitive and erotic. On the other hand, persistent repetition of this word ends up with a dissimilar connotation as seen in the case of the amusing Mrs. and Mr. F urr and their household which ended up in misery (Stein 212). For a reader to ascertain the principal significance of the expression â€Å"gay† in Stein’s masterpiece, an intricate examination is obligatory. This calls for an additional laborious exercise so as to acquire the right information as well as interpretation. This whole process might contribute to lose of interest in Stein’s work.The solicitation of simple phrases to break down the regulations of writing is mystifying. Even so, Stein is able to reconstruct the human knowledge, an achievement that is way more amazing bearing in mind that the rejuvenation involves massive undertakings in developing conventional revelation. Related dialect in humans and theirs vital provision, which is insight and contemplation, is engrained in a desolate state of affair with, optimistic and an auspicious future to come. The regular descriptive work of Stein acts at the same time, as a limitation and a reparation charact eristically for the prolonged reflection of individuals.In addition to that, it acts as a prerequisite and forthcoming high stature for both the novelist and reader. The technique used by Stein to count on as well as direct this imagery is also mystifying. This is in line with the fact that there is no extensionality with the previous masterpiece. In addition to Stein’s notion as defined in the story, she worries with the conduction of life rather than creation of judgments. In the long run, Stein lays bare her anti-narrative expertise with witty customary clarifications where meditation is bound by an increasingly non-standard sentence organization of recounted processes (Stein 310).Putting in mind the manner in which she writes, Stein is set to bring out the essential routes of discernment and points of view with the purpose of articulating encountered circumstances, not as observed by an individual but as they noticeably transpire. The assertiveness of the author’s naturalism establishes her as an appealing individual and such charisma can be passed on as a macro-alternative and human prevailing miniature to out-of-date procedures of its representation.Consequently, her naturalism has progressed to the relentless present-day as a result of her writings on threshold of reliability with regard to the discussed subject. The author’s naturalism widens even to a greater extent to locate the advancement of the writing as the present-day process of leading life by an artist. This enables the artist to come up with the masterpiece as anticipated and make the masterpiece to reach the required standards. In this context, everything is alike apart from the period in which the composition was written as well as the duration taken to completely compose the short story.During the establishment of the masterpiece, no one thinks about the creation and insertion of the above aspects and parts in the masterpiece (Stein 356) The application of figurative language to obscure the profound meaning of a particular piece of fine art is due to a diversity of ideas that the author is apprehensive about. Artistic masterpieces that definitely exposed an artists’ emotional state have been in reality. This is since the ancient times. As a result of this, the need to cultivate fresh ideas might have been the only motivating force for artistes to endeavor in metaphorical writing.Since conventional narration was ideologically feasible and not naturally built, Stein endeavors to make clear to individuals on the nerve-wracking origin of contemplative living filled with the ecstasy of consideration as well as gazing. Furthermore, it highlights on the amiable inquest as to why we analyze things in a certain manner (Stein 3605). However, much a person expresses Stein’s masterpiece mastery, the greatness of conspiracy in the work is still delivered to the coming generation. The manifestation of sexuality in this narration is so intense th at this has sidelining of the author, Stein, for quite a few years.Through examining her own individuality, originally metaphorical and later vociferous, becomes available the proof of her definition of a feminist scrutiny in which â€Å"misperception† and â€Å"uncertainty† have an inclination of being â€Å"prosperous spots of innovation, particularly in production or about explorations on gender†. Her language routine makes Stein to be revered as a fundamental personality in the contemporary artistic world where unwary descriptions of affection, home life and natural surroundings are employed to promote wreckage and to raid the foundations of customary exposition.Stein maintains that the self-liable and self-conscious writing procedures are crucial. This is because such writing is entwined within the diligent and sociable aggravations as it â€Å"exists in a manner similar to a human being since hearing and listening is never a repetition† (Stein, 237) . Stein takes the initiative to educate individuals about the nerve-wracking fundamentals of the serious life complete with contentment in seeing as well as observing. She further enlightens individuals on the amiable perception of things in a certain way.No matter the way in which individuals demonstrate mastery of Stein’s writings, it simply dictates the passing on of their greatness. The procedure of Stein’s work creation still holds on to the progressing time. The author has managed to employ literal styles in her narration in order to get the deep thoughts of her readers. In doing so, the reader is presented with the opportunity to think critically and to view life issues from a wider perspective. Work cited Stein, Gertrude. Miss Furr and Miss Skeene. Understanding Literature. Eds. Kalaidjian, Walter, Judith Roof and Stephen Watt. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. 368-371 Print.

Renaissance Painter Elisabetta Sirani

Renaissance Painter Elisabetta Sirani Known for: Renaissance woman painter of religious and mythological themes; opened a studio for women artists Dates: January 8, 1638 - August 25, 1665 Occupation: Italian artist, painter, etcher, educator Places: Bologna, Italy Religion: Roman Catholic Family and Background Born and lived in Bologna (Italy)Father: Giovanni (Gian) Andrea SiraniSiblings: Barbara Sirani and Anna Maria Sirani, also artistically inclined More About Elisabetta Sirani One of three artists daughters of a Bolognese artist and teacher, Giovanni Sirani, Elisabetta Sirani had many artworks in her native Bologne to study, both classical and contemporary. She also traveled to Florence and Rome to study the paintings there. While some other girls in her Renaissance culture were taught painting, few had the opportunities for learning that she did. Encouraged by a mentor, Count Carlo Cesare Malvasia, she assisted her father in his teaching and studied with other instructors there. A few of her works began to sell, and it became clear that her talent was greater than her fathers. She painted not only quite well, but also quite quickly. Even so, Elisabetta might have remained no more than her fathers assistant, but he developed gout when she was 17, and her earnings were essential to the family. He may also have discouraged her marrying. Though she painted some portraits, many of her works dealt with religious and historical scenes. She often featured women. Shes known for paintings of the muse Melpomene, Delilah holding scissors, The Madonna of the Rose and several other Madonnas, Cleopatra, Mary Magdalene, Galatea, Judith, Portia, Cain, the biblical Michael, Saint Jerome, and others. Many featured women. Her painting of Jesus and St. John the Baptist was of them as a nursing infant and toddler respectively, with their mothers Mary and Elisabeth in conversation. Her The Baptism of Christ was painted for the Church of the Certosini in Bologna. Elisabetta Sirani opened a studio for women artists, a completely new idea for its time. At 27, Elisabetta Sirani came down with an unexplained illness. She lost weight and became depressed, though continued to work. She was ill from the spring through the summer and died in August. Bologna gave her a large and elegant public funeral. Elisabetta Siranis father blamed her maid for poisoning her; her body was exhumed and the cause of death determined to be a perforated stomach. Its likely that she had had gastric ulcers. Sirianis Virgin and Child on Stamps In 1994, a stamp featuring Siranis Virgin and Child painting was part of the United States Postal Services Christmas stamps. It was the first piece of historical art by a woman so featured.

Free Term Papers Book Reports and Essays Database Entrance Page essays

Free Term Papers Book Reports and Essays Database Entrance Page essays Free Term Papers, Book Reports, and Essays Database Entrance Page To Gain INSTANT access to our database of papers we ask, but do not require you to do any or all of the following: Unlike other sites that make you wait up to a Free Term Papers, Book Reports, and Essays Database Entrance Page To Gain INSTANT access to our database of papers we ask, but do not require you to do any or all of the following: Unlike other sites that make you wait up to a week to gain access, we can provide you will instant access to our database of 1000's of Free Term Papers. week to gain access, we can provide you will instant access to our database of 1000's of Free Term Papers. Free Term Papers, Book Reports, and Essays Database Entrance Page To Gain INSTANT access to our database of papers we ask, but do not require you to do any or all of the following: Unlike other sites that make you wait up to a week to gain access, we can provide you will instant access to our database of 1000's of Free Term Papers. Free Term Papers, Book Reports, and Essays Database Entrance Page To Gain INSTANT access to our database of papers we ask, but do not require you to do any or all of the following: Unlike other sites that make you wait up to a week to gain access, we can provide you will instant access to our database of 1000's of Free Term Papers. Free Term Papers, Book Reports, and Essays Database Entrance Page To Gain INSTANT access to our database of papers we ask, but do not require you to do any or all of the following: Unlike other sites that make you wait up to a week to gain access, we can provide you will instant access to our da ...

Professional Mobile Signature For Business Email [Examples]

Professional Mobile Signature For Business Email [Examples] One of the major benefits of my executive business writing coaching work is hearing first hand what bothers executives about business email, mobile communication, and all business writing issues. I learned something recentlywhile working with a very smart, very mobile, technology executive. "It drives me crazy when people don't include their full contact information in their mobile signatures. If I receive an email on my mobile phone and need to call the sender, I often have to waste ten minutes digging somewhere for their phone number. I don't care what kind of device they sent the message from. I just want the information I need to quickly contact them." Good point! Indicate in Your Mobile Signature that You're Sending from a Mobile Device I had to send four urgent emails while on the train from New York City to my office in Princeton recently. I was wedged in tightly on a shared seat between two napping passengers. I was careful not to move my arms much because I didn't want to wake up my napping seat neighbors. Writingthese emails with my elbows hugged in fully was challenging. I just noticed I mistyped two words in one of the messages I sent. Typos do happen more on mobile devices. Stating you sent a message from your mobile device does inherently convey a "cut me some slack" request. And, it lets readers know you are out of the office. We should send the clearest message possible, even by email, so I don't intend this advice as a free pass for good grammar and punctuation. An email, even sent by mobile device, is still a business document. It's discoverable in a lawsuit or investigation. Accuracy matters. Interestingly, when I researched this topic on technology and writing sites, there was some controversy: Some felt it was pretentious to include a statement that the message came from a mobile device, as if it showed off your technology status.Wow, he has an iPad! Others felt it conveyed a sense of care. You're so valued I'm answering you right now. I'm more concerned about conveying accurate information that helps your reader and increases the ease of information flow. Professional Email Signature Format Include your phone number in your signature. Yes, include your email address in your signature. Often, in a forwarded message, a second recipient will only see your name, not your email address, in the To: or Cc: lines. Include any other information relevant to your readers, such as your company website and time zone. If you receive an email on your mobile device that requires immediate response and length, reply with a quick summary and tell your reader you will respond fully when you are back at your office. When you are faced with the speed vs. accuracy dilemma when mobile, always lean to accuracy. hbspt.cta._relativeUrls=true;hbspt.cta.load(41482, 'c61cbd6e-f7ce-458b-af11-45f3cbe8af31', {}); Business Email Mobile Signature Cautions No need to state the brand of your phone. As much as I love my iPhone, many of my clients work closely with Microsoft and Google, so it's not appropriate - or even relevant - to name my phone. You likely email to a wide range of industries, too. Simply use the neutral statement "Sent from my mobile device." I received an email recently with the signature, "Sent from my blackberry please excuse any typos." Even without the ironic capitalization, comma, and missing word errors, this feels careless. Mentioning the mobile device is enough. Don't highlight that you'll likely make typos. Signature Examples Sent from my mobile device.Mobile phone: 609-555-5555 (if you share this widely)Office phone: 609-555-5556Email: yourname@gmail.comAny other information relevant to your industry, such as website, special login page, ortime zone. Omit any sentimental statements: Please consider the environment before printing this email, or Today's the day to soar, or any other inspirational statements. Remember, a mobile signature should enhance information flow. If particular information in your mobile signature helps information flow, include it. If information is irrelevant, omit it. As always, think about what works best for your reader. To learn all aspects of business email, consider our email course.

Violence among Nursing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Violence among Nursing - Assignment Example 1. Using Inductive Analysis, look at all of your data and begin to organize it into groups. Inductive analysis entails discovering patterns, themes, and categories of data (Johnson, 2005). This survey captures a sample size of 239 nurses. Group 1 Gender 20-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 >60 Totals % # Surveys Female 28 21 17 33 6 105 43.9% 239 Male 0 0 0 0 0 0       # Years RN                         36 0 0 0 2 4 6 5.7%    # Yrs @ current facility                      36 0 0 0 1 1 2 1.9%    no answer 0 0 1 0 0 1 1.0%    Group 2. ... 16 11 28 6 83 79.0% Divisiveness 21 16 14 24 6 81 77.1% Lack of cohesiveness 20 14 13 24 5 76 72.4% Silent treatment 24 19 13 27 6 89 84.8% None of the above 0 0 0 1 0 1 1.0% Group 3 Victims of Horizontal Violence Female Nurses Age Bracket 20-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 >60 Total percentage    Yes 21 15 8 22 3 69 65.7% No 7 6 9 10 3 35 33.3% no answer 0 0 0 1 0 1 1.0% The first group of data captures the number of female nurses who have been into the nursing profession and the current health facility in which they are working. The age bracket of the nurses ranges from twenty to sixty years and above. The number of years in the nursing profession captured in this first group varies from less than two years to more than thirty-six years. The total number of nurses interviewed in this survey amount to 239. The second group of the survey data comprises of different forms of violence against nurses. These varieties of abuses range from minor to dangerous ones. The minor categories of abuse inc lude gossiping, non-verbal innuendos, and sarcastic comments while the dangerous ones comprise backstabbing. The third group of the data looks at incidences of victims in the nursing profession. The data captures female nurses of age bracket of twenty and above sixty years. Describe patterns and themes that converge from three different data sources The data in second group presents a number of recurring forms of Violence among nurses in different age brackets. Some of the recurring forms of abuse comprise of withholding information, belittling gestures, abuse of legitimate authority, silent treatment, and nonverbal innuendos. The data in table two report a pattern of violence that is similar in the age brackets of 20-30 and 51-60 years. These two groups have the highest cases of violence

Marketing Plan Phase III Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing Plan Phase III - Research Paper Example This new product idea will undergo the phases of a product life cycle. â€Å"The product life cycle describes the stages a really new product idea goes through from beginning to end. The product life cycle is divided into four major stages: (1) market introduction, (2) market growth, (3) market maturity, and (4) sales decline† (Perreault, Cannon, & McCarthy, 2011). In the introduction stage of the turkey burger, McDonald’s objective is to build product awareness and develop a market for the burger. Informative promotion is an essential method to communicate potential customers about the benefits of the new turkey burger. â€Å"In the market growth stage, industry sales grow fast—but industry profits rise and then start falling† (Perreault et al., 2011). During this stage the company will seek to build brand preference and increase market share. Adding qualities while maintaining the quality of the burger may increase the demand of the product. This stage is the best time to invest in advertisement for a broader audience. â€Å"The market maturity stage occurs when industry sales level off and competition gets tougher† (Perreault et al., 2011). At maturity stage, the strong sales diminish and persuasive promotion becomes crucial for the company. â€Å"The primary objective at this point is to defend the market share while maximizing profit† (QuickMBA.com, 2010). The company can achieve this by enhancing product features and enforcing competitive strategies. During the sales decline stage new products replace the old and competition becomes more vigorous. However, McDonald’s strong brand will continue making profits until the end. During this stage the company has several options: maintain the burger and possibly rejuvenate it by adding new features and offering new benefits; reduce costs and continue to offer the turkey burger to a loyal market segment; or discontinue the product and liquidating the remaining

Networks and alliances in biotechnology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Networks and alliances in biotechnology - Essay Example It is general perception among the people in the market that the organization with higher quality collection of alliances will perform better in the long run, which leads to higher market valuation of the firms. The report prepared by the analysts of Goldman Sachs (2005) on the biotechnology firms has closely studied the alliances and has published a long list of such alliances, which suggested that there were quite large number of alliances in this sector. Apart from this, a study conducted by Baum, Calabrese and Silverman (2000) on biotechnology firms of Canada has found that the new firms are more capable of leveraging alliances, especially R&D alliances and are seen to grow at a higher rate. This report focuses on the strategic alliances in the biotechnology firms and unleashing their importance and implications. Primary activities of the Biotechnology Firms Biotechnology is one of the most important emerging technologies that generate several applications, which are applied to v arious fields such as healthcare, fine chemistry, food industry, agriculture and even in the environmental development. Biotechnology encompasses various research methods and technologies that are applied in various sectors. For instance â€Å"recombinant DNA technology can be used to produce large molecule medicines in the pharmaceutical sector, create new crop varieties in the agricultural sector, or create micro-organisms that produce industrial enzymes for the chemical sector† (Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development, 2005, p. 6). Reasons for collaboration of the biotechnology firms The alliance formation of the biotechnology firms has gained enough attention from many scholars. These scholars have tried to track the motives of the firms behind the alliances and have found quite significant number of reasons. The cost and risk of innovation involved in the product development for the biotechnology firms are quite high so a majority of the firms look for sha ring these risk and cost involved through strategic partnership. Apart from this, the biotechnology firms look for entering into strategic alliance with established rivals in order to avoid direct competition with those rivals in the product market. Keeping these motives in mind the two key driver that encourages the formation of alliance are firstly the accessibility to the knowledge and other complementary resources and secondly the search for legitimacy. Accessibility to the knowledge and other complementary resources An organization can be well defined as an open-system whose survival is highly dependent on the exchange of resources with various environmental aspects such as the competitors, buyers and suppliers. For biotechnology firms the need for accessibility to knowledge and other resources is due to the challenge that they face in commercialising the process and the development of the products that are considered to be highly resources-intensive. A large number of biotechn ology firms do not have the significant amount of required resources necessary for the execution of the process leading to the development of product; moreover, the intense competition leads to the further squeezing of the existing resources. Thus, strategic alliances provide a way of accessing the

Performance & Reward Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Performance & Reward Management - Research Paper Example d Management, on the other hand, is related to one’s understanding of an individual’s motivating factors as well as their determination of the pay, bonus and other rewards they receive (Vince, 2002b). It is then in line with these definitions that the manner by which these concepts are understood by organizations tend to vary. Apparently, there are some organizations that basically link the two in a strong and explicit way. Conversely, there are also other firms who keep both management concepts separate from each other. However, the study of Vince (2002b) reveals that work in organizations that separate these two concepts tend to be characterized by higher levels of employee dissatisfaction. In the same manner, they also tend to experience higher turnover rates with the employees showing poor morale. Furthermore, Vince (2002b) also showed that these organizations tend to pose a desire aimed towards changing a certain aspect of the employees’ behaviour. The definition of Shields (2007) with regard to performance and reward management concurs with the above presented statements of Vince (2002c). Shields (2007), in establishing the link existing between the concepts, first discussed the purpose of reward management. According to him, a working organization that adopts a reward management scheme is usually guided by three main objectives; namely (Shields, 2007): (1) the need to attract the right people at the right time for the right jobs, tasks and roles; (2) the need to retain the best people through recognising and rewarding the contributions they made to the company; and finally, (3) the need to motivate the employees so as to ensure that they will contribute to the organization, the best of their capabilities. With regard to this definition, Shields (2007) then discusses that the strong link between reward and performance management has been clearly established for it has clearly expressed the need to ensure the motivation of the employees which are then

CQ Rescue Organizations Campaign Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

CQ Rescue Organizations Campaign - Assignment Example The purpose of these tactics is to introduce to the potential sponsors, the role CQ Rescue is playing in saving precious lives as well as provoking their interest in mutual ventures like the promotion of their businesses by offering them enhanced exposure in return for their financial contributions to CQ Rescue. This plan also contains a detail of the expected budget; the expenses shown in the budget are further split into two months i.e. July 2014 & August 2014 to provide an idea of the anticipated expenses for the months during which the campaign is intended to last. The campaign will start on 1st July 2014 and end on 31st August 2014. To gain an idea of the success of the organization’s developed plan, certain vital parameters are selected to measure the success or failure effectively. It is hoped that the implementation of this plan will bring forth additional funding for the organization to make possible the assistance of people who need emergency transport services in ti mes of need. RACQ CQ Rescue is a community helicopter rescue service with an operating base in Mackay on the Central Queensland Coast of Australia. It aims to provide vital medical care to seriously injured patients in Mackay and often critically ill patients who need urgent transport from this region to Townsville. The staffs of CQ Rescue consist of four pilots, four aircrewmen and two rescue crewmen. RACQ CQ Rescue and Queensland Ambulance Service work together to provide an Intensive Care Paramedic being made available to fly with the RACQ CQ Rescue crew 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. As a Community Helicopter Provider, RACQ CQ Rescue relies heavily on the community to provide funding for operational purposes. These funds are sourced from sponsorships, business donations, workplace giving programs, annual appeals, bequests, and fundraising events. At this point in time, CQ Rescue is facing difficulties in acquiring sufficient funding for its operational purposes.  Ã‚  

Evaluating an international human resource strategy Essay

Evaluating an international human resource strategy - Essay Example The balanced score card of Tesco indicates areas like customer perspective, motivation and community service which needs to be stressed even more to enhance customer shopping experience. Tesco should look at improving customer experience through proper innovation, reducing carbon emission and improved training and development. Each of the above factors presents an opportunity for Tesco at improving their customer service. The strategy map of Tesco indicates areas where it can improve the communication lines between the factors for effective implementation of strategy. For Tesco to continue to be the leader in UK retail and grocery segment, it needs to invest in the above areas and proper up gradation of all their objectives with change in time. Tesco plc is a general merchandise and multinational grocery retailer based in England, United Kingdom. Presently it is the second largest retailer in the world in terms of profits after Walmart and third largest in the world with respect to revenues after Walmart and Carrefour. The core purpose of Tesco is that they make what matters better together. Tesco has a team of over 5, 30,000 people in 12 markets which are dedicated in bringing the best choice, value and service to their millions of customer each week. Despite being in a highly competitive market they have established strategies which reflect their priorities as the business grows and the needs of the customers change. Tesco uses their balanced scorecard, the Steering Wheel, to manage and measure their business performance. This report will discuss about the balanced scorecard and Strategy map of Tesco. Tesco has clearly defined Vision which helps them to guide their business direction. Their business guides their direction and the decisions they take as an organisation. The company is centred on colleagues and customers

CQ Rescue Organizations Campaign Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

CQ Rescue Organizations Campaign - Assignment Example The purpose of these tactics is to introduce to the potential sponsors, the role CQ Rescue is playing in saving precious lives as well as provoking their interest in mutual ventures like the promotion of their businesses by offering them enhanced exposure in return for their financial contributions to CQ Rescue. This plan also contains a detail of the expected budget; the expenses shown in the budget are further split into two months i.e. July 2014 & August 2014 to provide an idea of the anticipated expenses for the months during which the campaign is intended to last. The campaign will start on 1st July 2014 and end on 31st August 2014. To gain an idea of the success of the organization’s developed plan, certain vital parameters are selected to measure the success or failure effectively. It is hoped that the implementation of this plan will bring forth additional funding for the organization to make possible the assistance of people who need emergency transport services in ti mes of need. RACQ CQ Rescue is a community helicopter rescue service with an operating base in Mackay on the Central Queensland Coast of Australia. It aims to provide vital medical care to seriously injured patients in Mackay and often critically ill patients who need urgent transport from this region to Townsville. The staffs of CQ Rescue consist of four pilots, four aircrewmen and two rescue crewmen. RACQ CQ Rescue and Queensland Ambulance Service work together to provide an Intensive Care Paramedic being made available to fly with the RACQ CQ Rescue crew 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. As a Community Helicopter Provider, RACQ CQ Rescue relies heavily on the community to provide funding for operational purposes. These funds are sourced from sponsorships, business donations, workplace giving programs, annual appeals, bequests, and fundraising events. At this point in time, CQ Rescue is facing difficulties in acquiring sufficient funding for its operational purposes.  Ã‚  

Denver Art Musuem Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Denver Art Musuem Project - Assignment Example The sculpture was made during the time when Europeans where colonizing the Yoruba peoples. In order to subtly record this, Olowe placed a billed cap of a European-style on the head of one of the male constituting the supporting figures. Olowe’s virtuosity is signaled by the overall design, which is more complex, while having more open space as compared with the work of other carvers. There is no indication of any motion in the sculptor. Emphasis is brought by the elongated neck. The two males and two females bring some balance in the sculptor. With the two males, two females and the warrior, unity and variety is evident in the sculptor (Falola & Genova, 2005). It is very true that out of artwork, one can be able to learn more about such issues as nationality, ethnicity, gender, age, class, and group identity. In Denver Art Museum, the works of Olowe clearly illustrates this. The people portrayed by the sculptor live in Nigeria. They are the Yoruba clan, where the males constitute the most respected and recognized gender. Leaders are also honored to be on top of everyone in the society since they make most of the decisions, especially those concerning conflicts and other cases in the society. The artwork by Olowe came from the Yoruba culture because it reveals a warrior who is a king in this case. According to Yoruba culture, kings valued sculptors so much. This is because they believed that sculptors were the right things that could show their might. The specific elements linking the art to the culture are the size of the king, the presence of males and females under the king, and the dress code of the king. The style used is individual. The icons and symbols used can be seen in the cap. The cap has been carved with a European style. This brings the connection between the Yoruba culture and Europeans, who had colonized the Yoruba. The attire seen in the carved people indicate that the artwork is from Africa. The large

Meritocracy As An Ideology Sociology Essay

Meritocracy As An Ideology Sociology Essay Meritocracy can also refer to an idealised society where discrimination on the basis of race, nationality, gender, age, and other irrelevant characteristics is completely absent. Merit is the encompassing value, the basic and morally correct criterion for any and all social classifications, particularly in respect to socioeconomic standing and in public space. A notion, emphasising societal consensus on the means and processes of selection for particular roles through a system of sifting, sorting, and rewarding talent and ability, motivated by competition for qualifications that in turn structure access to wealth, prestige, and personal satisfaction. It is conceived as a repudiation of systems like aristocracy where individuals inherit their social status. A meritocracy resembles aristocracy in the classical sense of the term meaning rule by the best. What has happened over the centuries, however, is that aristocracy has become associated with hereditary privilege and a rigid class s ystem. Instead of this, a meritocracy promotes worthy individuals regardless of which social strata they happen to be born in and each individual has good fortune in proportion to the individuals deservingness (Rawls, 1999, Nozick 1974, Miller 1999). IQ tests primarily tap analytical, logic-based reasoning; and surely that kind of cognitive ability is related to performance in many job settings. But other kinds of cognitive ability are also related to performance and thus also represent merit. For instance: imagination, practical sense, and the ability to interpret others perspectives. By the same token, the effort component of Youngs formulation suggests that a number of personality factors may figure into a reasonable conception of merit. For example, being conscientious may enhance job performance. Of course, some individual traits and social skills may be rewarded because they reflect conformity to arbitrary group norms. It is not clear why the term merit should be identified so closely with mental ability as distinct from many other conditions and traits that improve the chances of social and economic success (Hauser et als, 2000, p. 203). David Miller (1996, 300) eluding on Walzer (1983) has indicated that a meritocracy is not only more stable but also more socially just if there are a number of socially recognised forms of merit: economic contribution would be one kind of merit, education and scholarship another, artistic achievement a third, public service yet another, and so forth. However these other conditions and traits do not contribute to a fair opportunity. In Rawls view, the correlation between ones social origins and ones outcome in life is zero in a meritocracy and as long as some form of the family exists in society fair opportunity cannot be achieved as (Rawls 1971, 64). The social context within which individuals grow up influences the achievements of equally competent persons. Success in the labour market is transmitted from parents to children, and the advantages of the children of successful parents go considerably beyond the benefits of the best education, wealth and genetic cognitive ability. Many of the criteria associated with individual talent and effort do not measure the individual in isolation but rather parallel the phenomena associated with aristocracy; what is called individual talent is actually a function of that individuals social position or opportunities gained by virtue of family and ancestry. Among these, for example, one might list ambition or drive, perseverance, responsibility, personal attractiveness, and physical or artistic skills or talents, along with access to social support and to favourable social and economic networks and resources. Access to education is partly defined by inheritance as much research has demonstrated (Bowles and Gintis, 2002; Bourdieu and Passeron 1990; Aschaffenburg and Maas 1997; Sacks, 2003; Ballantine 2001). Compiling evidence from other studies Herrnstein concludes that 80% of the differences in IQ among individuals is explained by inherited factors and 15% is explained by environmental factors (Herrnstein 1971, 171). Children from the upper class get upper class education, middle class children get middle class education, working class people get working class education, and poor people get poor education. Privileged young people can perceive reachable goals and develop lofty aspirations because they tend to benefit from high expectations and support networks from the fa mily and social milieu, as well as extensive economic and educational resources. Those who have the resources, via their parental background, will move through higher education, get well paid jobs, and postpone family plans until they are well into their thirties, building their financial and cultural capital significantly prior to family formation. Inheritance may provide access to powerful forms of social capital (who you know) and cultural capital (what you know). Bourdieu Passeron (1990) indicate that students who lack the required knowledge and skills with which to successfully navigate the parameters of middle class culture inevitably fail at school. It therefore seems that unequal educational opportunity is the driver of individual achievement. Research shows that as class rises so does the level of education. As a consequence, the expansion of higher education will broaden the gulf between rich and poor (Blanden et al. 2005). So achievement capacities are ascribed to social class. Thus, IQ tests measure intelligence as a reflection of inherent intellectual capacity combined with environmental influences. Thus parents can predispose their children to succeed or fail in life as they are a part of the environment that affect the abilities that children attain. Thus the first and foremost among non-merit factors is the effect of social class at birth on future life. Therefore truly equalizing childrens environments in an effort to create a system with equal opportunities for all would mean having to eliminate the family. Meritocracy thus could lead to a hereditary caste system that, far from promoting social mobility, actually makes social advancement nearly impossible for the lower orders. This could be the case if wealth and social position are or primarily distributed by unchangeable genetic characteristics of individuals. This argument can be reworked into the form of a Hernsteins syllogism: 1. If differences in mental abilities are inherited, and 2. If success requires those abilities, and 3. If earnings and prestige depend on success, 4. Then social standing (which reflects earnings and prestige) will be based to some extent on inherited differences among people. (Herrnstein 1971, 197-8) This implies that absolute equality of opportunity is an ideal that cannot be achieved. (Loury 1977, p. 176). For John Rawls, the question of distributive justice is rather different. He is not content to say that any person begins at some point in the process of acquisition and then is merely constrained by a set of rules and procedures to ensure fairness. Rather, the socioeconomic position of the agent is also considered. Rawls bases his query on how the agent is presented with the distribution of talents and social position. His conclusion is that these distributions are accidental and arbitrary. It is an accident that someone is born with whatever natural traits he may possess. The question is raised whether a meritocracy based on natural abilities is thus unfair. Some might contend, for example, that even if we do not deserve our natural abilities it is not unfair if we reap the rewards of those abilities because the system of reward is independent of the system of deserts. However, Rawls makes the case that social position is also random and arbitrary. The fact that natural abilities may or may not be rewarded in that society is an accident. To be rewarded based merely on an accident is not deserved. Thus, a meritocracy that is based on reward from undeserved social position is similarly unfair. Therefore, both natural abilities and social position may not be the basis of distributive justice because they are unfair. The naturally advantaged are not to gain merely because they are more gifted. The individual cannot help how she begins life. Why make her pay for her positive talents and advantages? The rectification of these disparities in Rawls is his difference principle that makes all inequalities subject to the stipulation that the least advantaged will benefit from them.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome :: essays research papers fc

Irritable Bowel Syndrome Introduction to IBS Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder of the intestines that leads to crampy pain, gassiness, Bloating, and changes in bowel habits. Some people with IBS have constipation. Others have diarrhea or frequent loose stools, often with an urgent need to move the bowels and some people experience both. Sometimes the person with IBS has a crampy urge to move the bowels but cannot do so. As much as 20% of the US population suffers from irritable bowel syndrome. Irritable bowel syndrome is one of the most common digestive disorders disorders in North America. Over three millions doctor visits are made each year due to IBS. Almost 50% of referrals to a gastroemterologist are for irritable bowel syndrome. Twice as many women suffer from irritable bowel syndrome than do men. Symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome usually start early in life. Half the patients have symptoms before they reach the age of 30. Through the years, IBS has been called by many names -- colitis, mucous colitis, spastic colon, spastic bowel, and functional bowel disease. Most of these terms are inaccurate. Colitis, for instance, means inflammation of the large intestine (colon). IBS, however, does not cause inflammation and should not be confused with ulcerative colitis, which is a more serious disorder. The cause of IBS is not known, and as yet there is no cure. Doctors call it a functional disorder because there is no sign of disease when the colon is examined. IBS causes a great deal of discomfort and distress, but it does not cause permanent harm to the intestines and does not lead to intestinal bleeding of the bowel or to a serious disease such as cancer. Often IBS is just a mild annoyance, but for some people it can be disabling. They may be afraid to go to social events, to go out to a job, or to travel even short distances. Most people with IBS, however, are able to control their symptoms through diet, stress management, and sometimes with medications prescribed by their physicians. Causes of Irritable Bowel Syndrome The colon, which is about 6 feet long, connects the small intestine with the rectum and anus. The major function of the colon is to absorb water and salts from digestive products that enter from the small intestine. Two quarts of liquid matter enter the colon from the small intestine each day.

Substance Misuse Among Women with Eating Disorders Essay -- Drugs Alco

Substance Misuse Among Women with Eating Disorders Research on eating disorders has revealed a greater incidence of substance use and/or misuse in women with eating disorders than in the general population. Most of the research agrees that substance misuse is more common in patients with bulimia nervosa and the binge eating/purging subtype of patients with anorexia than in women with the restricting subtype of anorexia nervosa. Researchers and specialists have proposed a range of theories to account for the strong association between substance misuse and bulimia nervosa. Experiments have not provided evidence to conclusively support any one theory. However, studies conducted in the past decade have enabled researchers to refine their hypotheses and accumulate more accurate information about eating disorders and substance use. Researchers have examined personality characteristics, family history, and biological and environmental factors common to persons with both substance use problems and eating disorders. In addition, the onset of eating disorders in relation to the beginning of substance abuse are examined to determine if one disorder drives the other. Differences in characteristics of patients with anorexia nervosa and patients with bulimia nervosa are examined to determine differences in rates of comorbidity with substance abuse. While continued research is necessary to assess the validity of proposed theories, the current knowledge proposes some interesting ideas about the relationship between substance abuse and eating disorders. In the literature on eating disorders and substance abuse there is general agreement on two factors: patients with eating disorders display higher rates of substance abuse problems an... ...ability to Substance Abuse in Eating Disorders. NIDA.159, 269-311. Krahn, D., Piper, D., King, M., Olson, L., Kurth, C., Moberg, D.P. (1996). Dieting in Sixth Grade Predicts Alcohol Use in Ninth Grade. Journal of Substance Abuse. 8, 293-301. Sinha, R., Robinson, J., Merikangas, K., Wilson, G.T., Rodin, J.,& O'Malley, S. (1996). Eating Pathology among Women with Alcoholism and/or Anxiety Disorders. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 20, 1184-91. Striegel-Moore, R., and Huydic, E. (1993). Problem Drinking and Symptoms of Disordered Eating in Female High School Students. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 14, 417-25. Welch, S. and Fairburn, C. (1996). Impulsivity or Comorbidity in Bulimia Nervosa. A Controlled Study of Deliberate Self Harm and Alcohol and Drug Misuse in a Community Sample. British Journal of Psychiatry. 169, 451-8.

Coping with Stress Essay

This project will take an issue that is very prominent in today’s society and attempt to look, in detail, how families of military war casualties are coping with the death of their loved ones and which coping strategies seem to be most influential in helping them get back to leading a life that closely resembles what they had before loss. This topic of military coping is important, especially in this time, because there have been so many casualties due to the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan (see Appendix A) By looking at these conflicts, but also those such as the Vietnam War and the Gulf War, we would essentially hope to find common themes or strategies that make coping just a little bit easier for those who are left on the home front. This topic is important to investigate because of the amount of people affected each day by military death- the total deaths are in the thousands and rising every moment. War is a phenomenon that is not going to be disappearing anytime soon, and if there is a way to help those being influenced by tragedy in a more efficient and effectual way, the benefits are immense. The audience for this study is most likely going to be students, but there is also the potential for the military to take an interest in order to help the families of the victims. Mental health counselors, community counselors and psychiatrists may find the information  from the study helpful because of the implications it will have on how people deal with death and how it may be possible to engage those dealing with death in better coping strategies. Much of what has been studied in the realm of coping and stress management has been done with the focus on the individual and how people deal with stress in general. This begs the question â€Å"what is stress?†. Stress is most commonly defined as a physical, mental, or emotional factor that causes bodily or mental tension, and for the sake of this study that is the way it would be defined. Many researchers still feel that the term stress is highly ambiguous because there can be so many different levels. Stress can be caused by an event such as abuse, a natural disaster, an attack, a life threatening ordeal, or even just a dramatic unexpected change in lifestyle. Most of these topics have been studied, and through looking at this previous research, it is seen how very few researchers focus on how people cope with the stress of losing a loved one to an event such as war. Perhaps documentation of how people have coped with death throughout history is rare, or perhaps there has just not been a lot of studies done on the topic. When searching keywords such as â€Å"coping†, â€Å"death†, and â€Å"military† into a psychological search engine, only seven results were retrieved, and of those seven, there were only two or three that seemed they would benefit this research positively. These few articles that that were found that generally focused on post-traumatic- stress disorder, or PSTD. They studied (both quantitatively and qualitatively) how families felt they were influenced by the war, whether it by deployment, responsibility at home, the unknown, and of course, death. It was found that it is indeed important to look at everyone involved and try to work together to get through the trauma of war. The researches should not forget parent-child relations and should not forget that it takes time and understanding of an individual to help cope with the loss (Dekel et al., 2010, page). The other article that was looked at did not focus so much on a study, but the history of coping with loss during both war and peace times. It covered a broad range of time and explained how the military had continually developed counseling and groups to help those who were affected by the war. It looks at how the loss can be integrated into one’s life as a whole, and is looked at as positive for the  soldier (Bartone et al., 1994, page). This suggestion for coping, also known as hardiness in another article, seems to be a reoccurring idea when coping with trauma. If one can integrate the tragic event into their life and think of positive ways to let it influence them, they seem to be more likely to be able to deal with their stress or loss. Optimism was another element of this article, focusing on how if people believe that something is going to be positive, it has a greater impact on how they deal with stress (Maddi et al., 1999, page). Yet another strategy that can be involved with coping is forgiving. It is often through the idea of forgiving the person or people that harmed someone important to you can be a strong motivator to getting over a stressful situation because it allows some sort of closure and understanding (Hodgson et al., 2007, page). All of these factors- hardiness, forgiveness, empathy- must be taken into consideration while doing this research on coping. Historically research often focused on negative consequences of specific factors. We all know the effect that trauma, poverty, abuse, divorce, and other factors of such sort have on psychological development and what life long effects it has for an individual. In the last 20 to 30 years researchers finally began to shift their focus on resiliency and how people develop positive coping skills despite adverse life events. â€Å"The recent broadening of coping theory might be a reaction to to earlier conceptualizations of coping that neglected to include such aspects as goals, purpose, and meaning†. (Schwarzer & Luszczynska, 2008, p22) People want to feel successful in their lives and will look for opportunities for growth. They work hard for â€Å"more resources, desire to maximize gains, and build up resistance factors either to ward off future crisis or to grow and cultivate their capabilities for their own sake† (Schwarzer & Luszczynska, 2008, p22). Resilience studies with children and adolescents have identified the following major factors to play a role in buffering how they cope with stress and trauma: IQ, parental quality, connection to other competent adults, internal locust of control, and social skills (Tiet et al., 1998, p1191). In addition there have been many studies that focused on gender  differences when coping with stress and this are well documented when it comes to adults. â€Å"Research concerning gender differences that may influence coping in children and adolescents revealed mixed results.† (Eschenbeck et al., 2007, p18) This could be attributed to level of development, environmental factors, and gender socialization. The study completed by Eschenbeck and coleagues (2007) however demonstrated that â€Å"girls scored higher in seeking social support and problem solving† (Eschenbeck et al., 2007, p20). Other studies also identified that social supports and problem solving skills were most influential factors in coping with adverse life events and linked these factors with â€Å"greater social competence and fewer internalizing and externalizing behavior problems† (Clarke, 2006, p12) for children and adolescents. Children in military families are more often exposed to stressful situations. Yet according to reports from counselors and other school personnel military children tend to be resilient. â€Å" They are used to changing schools, enduring long separations from a parent, and saying goodbye to old friends and making new ones.† (Hardy, 2006, p11) These children often are being taken care of by family members other than their mothers and fathers, such as aunts, uncles, grandparents, or close family friends. They may experience relationship conflicts within the setting of their families as the boundaries of the family is shifted due to temporary and permanent losses. â€Å"The effects of this kind of loss are displayed in ways that potentially impede successful adolescent development.† (Huebner et al., 2007, p121) Much of the work with these youths have been focused on concept of fostering resiliency. This approach focuses on â€Å"(a) finding meaning, (b) tempering mastery, (c) reconstructing identity, (d) normalizing ambivalence, (e) revising attachment, and (f) discovering hope† (Huebner et al., 2007 p 120). It seems to be that choosing to research along the lines of how military death influences families will be a topic that has been studied little before, and thus hopefully the information that we gather will be helpful in organizing more constructive ways for families to cope with loss. Study Design It was determined that the setting for the research project would be twenty families with adolescents ages 12-18 chosen from the upstate New York region (Buffalo, Rochester, Syracuse). The families selected would be those who have lost someone in the war within the last year. We would gather information through the use of personal interviews, family interviews, group discussions and observation. Using qualitative methods in this research will be more beneficial because it will better help us understand what people are directly feeling- we will be able to see their reactions and work with them and empathize with them to hopefully make them feel more comfortable. Using qualitative studies will also help us to see the reactions of those in the groups and if there are certain individuals who benefit from the interaction with others. We will also be able to better compare the depth of grief and the coping strategies to the others in the groups. Since it would be necessary to see how coping skills develop over a period of time, it seems that this study would be longitudinal, over the period of 6 months to a year. This would help us to see the progress of the individuals and of families in their ability to cope with having lost someone. Analysis of the study will be based on how well individuals and families are able to overcome loss and what social factors allowed them to get to a more stable state of being. To figure the results we will have looked at how the individual or family functioned when they first learned of the loss compared to how they functioned 6 months to a year down the road. If we have chosen someone who has lost their loved one more than 6 months ago at the beginning of the study, they will be a good point of reference as to where those who more recently lost someone should be in six months. It is easy to see this study in a circular formation due to the fact that deaths are still occurring and there are constantly more people and families to interact with. Potential Limitations The idea behind this research allows many different paths to explore, but that is also a challenge that must be faced. Each term we use in the research has to be clearly defined so that the people we are studying do not  get confused or put off by anything that may be asked. Also, it has to be taken into consideration that many people react different ways to trauma to begin with, and that may be hard to determine at first. Some people may get depressed, others may get angry, and yet others may just try to go on living as they were before. Each person spoken with will have to be individually looked at to determine their premier coping style and from that point progress will have to be determined. The type of death that each soldier faced is yet another factor to consider, as it may be easier for the family to deal with death of someone who was injured and then died from those injuries. If that is the case, there is more of a chance that the family got to say goodbye than if the soldier was killed unexpectedly by enemy troops in another country. One of the other important limitations to consider is the openness of the people and families being interviewed. They may see the death as a private family matter and thus have a hard time letting an outsider into the mix. All of these limitations, though, can hopefully be avoided or at least overcome, with patience, empathy and respect for all involved. References Bartone, P. & Ender, M. (1994). Organizational Responses to Death in the Military. Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. Death Studies, 18, 25- 39. Cameron, A., Palm, K. & Follette, V. (2010). Reaction to stressful life events: What predicts symptom severity? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 645–649. Clarke, Angela (2006). Coping with interpersonal stress and psychosocial health among children and adolescents: a meta analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35(1), 11-24. Dekel, R. & Monson, C. (2010). Military-related post-traumatic stress disorder and family relations: Current knowledge and future directions. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15, 303–309. Eschenbeck, H., Kohlmann, C.-W., Lohaus, A. (2007). Gender differences in coping strategies in children and adolescents. Journal of Individual Difference, 28 (1), 18-26. Hardy, L., (2006). When kids lose parents in our war in Iraq. The Education Digest, 72(4), 10-12. Hodgson, L. & Wertheim, E. (2007). Does good emotion management aid forgiving? Multiple dimensions of empathy, emotion management and forgiveness of self and others. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships SAGE Publications (www.sagepublications.com), 24(6), 931–949. Angela J Huebner, Jay A Mancini, Ryan M Wilcox, Saralyn R Grass, & Gabriel A Grass. (2007). Parental Deployment and Youth in Military Families: Exploring Uncertainty and Ambiguous Loss. Family Relations, 56(2), 112-122. Retrieved July 29, 2010, from Platinum Periodicals. (Document ID: 1260882231). Leland, A. & Oboroceanu, M.-J. (2010). American war and military operations casualties: Lists and statistics. Congressional Research Service, 7-5700. Retrieved July 29, 2010 from www.crs.gov (RL32492). Maddi, S. & Hightower, M. (1999). Hardiness and optimism as expressed in coping patterns. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice & Research. 51(2), 95-105. Schwarzer, R., & Luszczynska, A. (2008). The Prevention Researcher, 15(4), 22-24. Tiet, Q. Q., Bird, H. R., Davies, M., Hoven, C., Cohen, P., Jensen, P. S., & Goodman, S. (1998). Adverse life events and resilience. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(11), 1191-1201.

Reconstituting Local Manufacturing Essay

Is it possible to reconstitute local manufacturing and local food markets, or has Globalization ultimately made this impossible? The global economy and marketplace have impacted local industry and local manufacturing harshly. With consumers having choices from international companies able to import their products, a common market pool for the whole world, it has become more difficult for the local merchants to thrive. Also, many Western companies have established themselves in developing countries, such as McDonalds and Starbucks, with over 31,000 and 18,000 locations operating worldwide respectively. While the influx of multi national corporations has created economic opportunities for many in the communities that they operate within. However, with this prosperity has come the evaporation of local industries. What are some of the factors that could help or inhibit the reconstitution of local manufacturing and local food markets. One enormous problem could be the price of doing business and the amount of capital it takes to operate in these markets. These international companies have vast reserves of capital to fund their operations in various countries, even buying up local enterprises to reduce their competition. These corporations also spend an enormous amount of cash on advertising. Thus they are able to extend their brand recognition into their new destinations. This is the formula that has also worked well in American cities. Companies are able to buy out their competition with less expensive production costs or less overhead. These companies can operate on a smaller margin than the local merchants, who do not have the benefit of mass produced overseas inventory. (Kantor, 2002). On a political scale, globalization has had an effect on the policies put into place by local entities that have an impact on the local manufacturing and food market. Through the increased surge in international competition, national policies that are aimed at preserving the structure of local communities and upholding social equality have dwindled and been phased out. Looking to nurture economic growth, many local governments invite foreign investments (Held & McGrew, 2012). While these foreign investors infuse  currency into the local economies, the toll they take on the local markets, may not be worth the tradeoff. Could the local governments be taking or mismanaging the funds? Perhaps the cash infusion could be put to better use to help stabilize or revitalize the local manufacturing and markets. The case could also be made that the concessions that the local governments make to entice international companies into their country make it difficult for or at the least do not address the local manufacturing companies and their concerns. Because of the problems caused for the local manufacturing and food markets, wages and income for the local population also suffers, which influences their purchasing power. This creates a circular effect because without purchasing power the local community cannot support more local manufacturing. This is certainly a way in which globalization has hindered local manufacturing and will make it difficult to reconstitute it in the future. Some of the ideals championed by those who favor globalization will naturally work against the reconstitution of local manufacturing and food markets. For example, the principle of economic advantage commonly referred to as the iron law, demands that the best of the countries that initiate competitive strategies is deemed to outdo other competitors from the market. Put simply, if a particular foreign country grows a particular local product more efficiently, then there would be no need to grow the product locally (Davis, 2012). This would force the importation of the product from a foreign country which would obviously hamper the ability of local establishments to be able to compete in that market. In fact, some experts think that because of globalization, in the future all food consumed in America will be imported from elsewhere. It has become financially beneficial to import food instead of growing it locally. This change in economic patterns in response to globalization has hampered the growth of the local industry (Obstfeld, 2000). And functioning in this way will certainly hamper the local manufacturing and food markets to be reestablished and flourish. Another factor of globalization that is well documented is that of outsourcing jobs to developing countries with a cheaper labor force. Much of  this outsourcing has come in the manufacturing sector with many American workers losing their jobs to countries such as China and India. This outsourcing has a great negative impact on the local industry as it deprives it of a reliable workforce (Kantor, 2012). Without stemming the flow of such work overseas, it would make it very difficult to reconstitute the local manufacturing. For those countries that receive these workers however, there is an enormous benefit to their manufacturing sector. The influx of capital from foreign companies investing in their country and the employment opportunities they provide for the workforce give a boost to the local economy. With continued investments coming in and plenty of jobs for their workforce, globalization has actually strengthened the local manufacturing of many foreign countries. Thom Hartman makes some interesting points in his Huffington Post article. Mr. Hartman describes how globalization is destroying the United States’ wealth through multinational corporations transferring all of their manufacturing overseas. He points out that in the late 1940’s and 1950’s manufacturing accounted for 28 percent of the United States total gross domestic product. Even during the Reagan administration is was at 20 percent. However, today it is about ten percent of our GDP (Hartmann, 2010). By shipping so much of our manufacturing overseas, the US is no longer self sufficient and able to create much wealth. By not generating wealth, but rather spending it on all of the foreign manufactured goods, there has been a slow degrading of the nation’s middle class. Of course, we as consumers love the idea of paying less for our goods, but it has to be realized that it comes at a cost. Many companies have cut jobs or reduced salaries, so those â€Å"cheap† goods are not such a bargain anymore. For this trend to stop and be reversed, nations such as the United States must rebuild their manufacturing base and become locally self-sufficient again (Hartmann, 2010). The idea would be for the country’s consumers to buy products manufactured by their own workers. While no answers or even ideas for reversing the problem globalization has caused were offered, it paints a clear picture that something needs to be done quickly. References Kantor Paul, (2002). Cities in the International Marketplace: The Political Economy of Urban Development in North America and Western Europe. Princeton University Press Hartmann, Thom, (2010). Globalization Is Killing The Globe: Return to Local Economies. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/thom-hartmann/globalization-is-killing_b_454091.html Held, D. & McGrew, A. (2012) Globalization Theory: Approaches and Controversies. (2012), Cambridge. Davis, C. L.(2012). Why Adjudicate? Enforcing Trade Rules in the WTO. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Retrieved January 30, 2015, from Project MUSE database. Obstfeld, Maurice (2000). The Global Capital Market: Benefactor or Menace? The Journal of Economic Perspectives , Vol. 12, No. 4., pp. 9-30.